puter system. In 1971 one computer system had a Pascal compiler. By 1974 the number
had grown to 10 and in 1979 there were more than 80. Pascal is always available on those …

Due to the time and expense associated with full life‐cycle testing, most current toxicity tests
with fish do not explicitly consider reproductive output as an endpoint but, rather, focus on …

Trenbolone acetate is a synthetic steroid that is extensively used in the United States as a
growth promoter in beef cattle. The acetate is administered to livestock via slow‐release …

The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) has been proposed as a model species for
assessing the adverse effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on reproduction and …

Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) is a key enzyme in vertebrate steroidogenesis,
catalyzing the conversion of C19 androgens to C18 estrogens such as β-estradiol (E2). The …

Knowledge of possible toxic mechanisms (or modes) of action (MOA) of chemicals can provide
valuable insights as to appropriate methods for assessing exposure and effects, thereby …

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread environmental contaminant emanating
from the production and/or metabolism of fluorinated chemicals with a variety of applications. …

A challenge in the field of ecotoxicology is the linkage of alterations at molecular and
biochemical levels of organization to adverse outcomes in individuals and populations. In the …

Trenbolone acetate is a growth promoter widely used for beef production in the US Two
biologically active metabolites of the acetate, 17β- and 17α-trenbolone, are ligands of vertebrate …

Many chemicals that adversely affect reproduction and/or development do so through multiple
pathways within the reproductive tract and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Notable …